Posts Tagged ‘Legal expert systems’
June 10, 2013
Tags:#icail2013, Artificial intelligence and law, ICAIL, ICAIL 2013, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Legal agent based systems, Legal compliance information systems, Legal compliance systems, Legal expert systems, Legal informatics conferences, Legal multiagent systems, Legal network analysis, Legal open government data, LegalRuleML, Modeling legal reasoning, Modeling legal rules, Network analysis and legal information systems, Open legal data
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June 1, 2013
A call for papers — with submission deadline of 2 September 2013 — has been posted for JURIX 2013: International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, to be held 11-13 December 2013, at the University of Bologna.
Papers are invited on the following topics:
- Support for lawyers, in legal reasoning, document drafting, negotiation;
- Support for the production and management of legislation, in agenda setting, policy analysis, drafting, workflow management, monitoring implementation;
- Support for the judiciary, in application of the law, analysis of evidence, management of cases;
- Support for police activities, in forensic inquiries, search and evaluation of evidence, management of investigations;
- Support for public administration, in applying regulations and managing information;
- Support for the acquisition, management or use of legal knowledge, using rules, cases, neural networks, intelligent agents or other methods;
- Systems and methods to support policies and legal issues for social networks;
- Retrieval of legal information and eDiscovery;
- Legal education;
- Digital-rights management;
- Alternative dispute resolution, particularly on-line;
- Regulatory compliance and compliance of business processes;
- Theoretical foundations for the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques in the legal domain;
- Models of legal knowledge, including concepts (legal ontologies), rules, cases, principles, values and procedures;
- Legal inference and argumentation;
- Verification and validation of legal knowledge systems;
- Management of legal information in the semantic web, including legal open data;
- XML standards for legal documents and rules, including legislative, judicial, administrative acts as well as private documents, such as contracts;
- Modelling the legal interactions of autonomous agents and digital institutions;
- Methods for managing organizational change when introducing legal knowledge systems;
- Evaluation of systems using advanced informatics techniques in legal applications;
- Interdisciplinary applications of legal informatics methods and systems.
For more details, please see the call for papers.
HT Jurix
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Tags:Court technology, Legal XML, Digital rights management, Legal ontologies, Semantic Web and law, Legal knowledge representation, Legal instructional technology, Online dispute resolution, Legal information retrieval, XML for contracts, XML for regulations, Legal argumentation, Legal knowledge management, Legislative XML, Law practice technology, Legal decision support systems, Artificial intelligence and law, Judicial information systems, Interdisciplinary legal informatics research, Intellectual property information systems, JURIX, egovernment, Legislative information systems, Regulatory information systems, Copyright information systems, Legal reasoning, Legal inference, Legal evidence information systems, Legal knowledge systems, Criminal investigation information systems, Legal multiagent systems, Legal agent based systems, Online dispute resolution systems, Modeling legal argumentation, Modeling legal reasoning, Legal semantic web, Legal intelligent agents, Legal expert systems, Modeling legal rules, Legal compliance information systems, Legal document management systems, International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, Legal knowledge management systems, Modeling legal acts, Public administration information systems, Legal drafting systems, Bill drafting systems, Modeling legal inference, Legislative expert systems, Legal expert systems for legislators, Legal expert systems for judges, Legal information management systems, Regulatory compliance information systems, Verifying legal knowledge systems, Validating legal knowledge systems, XML for court decisions XML for judicial decisions, XML for legal documents, Modeling legal actions of intelligent agents, Modeling legal actions of digital institutions, Modeling legal acts of electronic institutions, Modeling legal acts of intelligent agents, Modeling legal acts of digital institutions, Kevin Ashley, JURIX 2013
Posted in Conference Announcements, Technology tools, Technology developments, Calls for papers, Applications | Leave a Comment »
April 9, 2013
The list of accepted papers, research abstracts, and demos has been posted for ICAIL 2013: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, to be held 10-14 June 2013 in Rome.
Here is the list:
Papers
- Trevor Bench-Capon, Henry Prakken, Zachary Wyner Ada , Katie Atkinson: Argument schemes for Reasoning with Legal Cases Using Values
- Guido Boella, Marijn Janssen, Joris Hulstijn, Llio Humphreys, Leendert van der Torre: Managing Legal Interpretation in Regulatory Compliance
- Isabella Distinto, Nicola Guarino, Claudio Masolo: A well-founded ontological framework for modeling personal income tax
- Davide Gianfelice, Leonardo Lesmo, Monica Palmirani, Daniele Perlo, Daniele P. Radicioni: Modificatory Provisions Detection: a Hybrid NLP Approach
- Laura Giordano, Alberto Martelli, Daniele Theseider Dupré: Temporal Deontic Action Logic for the Verification of Compliance to Norms in ASP
- Guido Governatori, Francesco Olivieri, Antonino Rotolo, Simone Scannapieco: Legal Contractions: A Logical Analysis
- Guido Governatori, Monica Palmirani, Tara Athan, Harold Boley, Adrian Paschke, Adam Wyner: LegalRuleML
- Matthias Grabmair, Kevin D. Ashley: Using Event Progression to Enhance Purposive Argumentation in the Value Judgment Formalism
- Marc Lauritsen: On Balance
- Antonio Mastropaolo, Francesco Pallante, Daniele P. Radicioni: Legal Documents Categorization by Compression
- Antonino Rotolo, Serena Villata, Fabien Gandon: A Deontic Logic Semantics for Licenses Composition in the Web of Data
- Zaher Salah, Frans Coenen, Davide Grossi: Extracting Debate Graphs from Parliamentary Transcripts: A Study Directed at UK House of Commons Debates
- Mihai Surdeanu, Sara Jeruss: Identifying Patent Monetization Entities
- Tran Thi Oanh, Nguyen Le Minh,Akira Shimazu: Reference Resolution in Legal Texts
- Marc van Opijnen: A Model for Automated Rating of Case Law
- Charlotte S. Vlek, Henry Prakken, Silja Renooij, Bart Verheij: Modeling Crime Scenarios in a Bayesian Network
- Tomasz Zurek, Michał Araszkiewicz: Modeling teleological interpretation
Research Abstracts
- Michał Araszkiewicz, Agata Łopatkiewicz, Adam Zienkiewicz: Factor-Based Parent Plan Support System
- Kevin D. Ashley, Vern R. Walker: Automated Monitoring of Legal-Rule Compliance Using DeepQA NLP Tools: Screening Legal Documents for Argumentation Evidence
- Michal Chalamish, Moshe Hazoom, Uri J. Schild: Semi-Automatic Creation of Wigmore Diagrams
- Jack G. Conrad, John Zeleznikow: The Significance of Evaluation in AI and Law: A Case Study Re-examining ICAIL Proceedings
- Michael Curtotti, Eric McCreath, Srinivas Sridharan: Software Tools for the Visualization of Definition Networks in Legal Contracts
- Tingting Li, Tina Balke, Marina De Vos, Julian Padget, Ken Satoh: A Model-based Approach to the Automatic Revision of Secondary Legislation
- Doris Liebwald: Vagueness in Law. A Stimulus for ‘Artificial Intelligence & Law’
- Nada Mimouni, Meritxell Fernandez-Barrera, Adeline Nazarenko, Daniele Bourcier, Sylvie Salotti: A Relational Approach for Information Retrieval on XML Legal Sources
- Katsumi Nitta, Shumpei Kubosawa, Kei Nishina, Masaki Sugimoto, Shogo Okada: A Discussion Training Support System and Its Evaluation
- Gordon J. Pace, Fernando Schapachnik: Synthesising Implicit Contracts
- Anna Ronkainen: Intelligent Trademark Analysis: Experiments in Large-Scale Evaluation of Real-World Legal AI
- Antonino Rotolo, Regis Riveret, Didac Busquets, Giuseppe Contissa, Giovanni Sartor: Vicarious Reinforcement and Ex Ante Law Enforcement: A Study in Norm-Governed Learning Agents
- Ted Sichelman: The Mathematical Structure of Legal Rights
- Radboud Winkels, Jochem Douw, Sara Veldhoen: Experiments in Automated Support for Argument Reconstruction
Demo Abstracts
Guido Boella, Luigi Di Caro, Daniele Rispoli, Livio Robaldo: A System for Classifying Multi-label Text into EuroVoc
Thomas Gordon: Introducing the Carneades Web Application
Guido Governatori, Sidney Shek: Business Process Compliance Checker
Luc Ferrand, Isabelle Pesquié-Geday: Hammurabi, the legal expert assistant platform for the French Judge: How to deliver up to date knowledge of national and European laws and regulations in front of rapid expansion of legal information and decisions, with an automated software assistant
Jop Hofste, Hans Henseler, Maurice van Keulen: Computer assisted extraction, merging and correlation of identities
Adam Zachary Wyner, Maya Wardeh, Katie Atkinson, Trevor Bench-Capon: Argumentation Based Tools for Policy-Making
In addition, registration for ICAIL 2013 is now open.
HT Anne Gardner and @francesconi_e
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Tags:Artificial intelligence and law, ICAIL, ICAIL 2013, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Legal agent based systems, Legal compliance information systems, Legal compliance systems, Legal expert systems, Legal multiagent systems, LegalRuleML
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March 24, 2013
Dr. James Maclean of the University of Southampton Law School has published a new book entitled Rethinking Law as Process: Creativity, Novelty, Change, (Routledge, 2013).
Here is the abstract:
Rethinking Law as Process draws on insights from ‘process philosophy’ in order to rethink the nature of legal decision-making. While there have been significant developments in the application of ‘process’ thought across a number of disciplines, little notice has been taken of Whiteheadian metaphysics in law. Nevertheless, process thought offers significant opportunities for serious inquiry into the nature of legal reasoning and the practical application of law. Focusing on the practices of organising, rather than their effects, an increased processual awareness re-orients understanding away from the mechanistic and rationalist assumptions of Newtonian thought, and towards the interminable ontological quest to arrest or to classify the essentially undivided flow of human experience. Drawing together insights from a number of different fields, James Maclean argues that it is because our inherited conceptual framework is tied to a ‘static’ way of thinking that every attempt to offer justifying reasons for legal decisions appears at best to register only at the level of explanation. Rethinking Law as Process resolves this problem, and so provides a more adequate description of the nature of law and legal decision-making, by repositioning law within a thoroughly processual world-view, in which there is only the continuous effort to refine and to redefine the continuous flux of legal understanding.
This book could provide a theoretical framework for research on a number of recent developments in legal technology, law practice, and legal education, including legal decision support systems, legal compliance systems, norm development in multiagent systems, the unbundling of legal services, legal process management, and innovation in legal technology, law practice, legal services delivery, and legal education.
HT @law_book
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Tags:Innovation in law, Innovation in law practice, Innovation in legal decision making, Innovation in legal services delivery, James Mclean, Legal compliance information systems, Legal compliance systems, Legal decision making, Legal decision support systems, Legal expert systems, Legal philosophy, Legal process management, Legal processes, Legal services unbundling, Legal theory, Modeling legal processes, Norm development in agent based systems, Norm development in multiagent systems, Norms in agent based systems, Norms in multiagent systems, Philosophy of law, Process philosophy and law practice, Process philosophy and legal decision making, Process philosophy and legal theory, Routledge, Theories of legal decision making, Unbundling of legal services, Whitehead and legal philosophy, Whitehead and legal theory, Whitehead and philosophy of law
Posted in Monographs | Leave a Comment »
March 14, 2013
Several white papers from the 2012 Summit on the Use of Technology to Expand Access to Justice have been published as Occasional Papers by Harvard Journal of Law & Technology:
HT @LSCtweets
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Tags:Law practice technology, Legal decision support systems, Access to justice, Unbundled legal services, Legal expert systems, Unbundling of legal services, Legal services unbundling, Legal Services Corporation, Stephanie Kimbro, Virtual law practice, Online legal services, Marc Lauritsen, Technology for access to justice, Richard Zorza, Virtual lawyering, John M. Greacen, William L. Jones, Susan Ledray, Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, Summit on the Use of Technology to Expand Access to Justice, Decision support systems for legal services decision making, Virtual services for access to justice, Virtual access to justice services, Online access to justice services, Online legal aid, Online legal aid services, Online legal services delivery
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December 17, 2012
Tags:Artificial intelligence and law, Bill drafting systems, Burkhard Schafer, Copyright information systems, Court technology, Digital rights management, egovernment, Intellectual property information systems, Interdisciplinary legal informatics research, International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, Judicial information systems, JURIX, JURIX 2012, Law practice technology, Legal agent based systems, Legal argumentation, Legal compliance information systems, Legal drafting systems, Legal evidence information systems, Legal expert systems, Legal expert systems for judges, Legal expert systems for legislators, Legal inference, Legal information management systems, Legal information retrieval, Legal instructional technology, Legal intelligent agents, Legal knowledge management, Legal knowledge management systems, Legal knowledge representation, Legal multiagent systems, Legal ontologies, Legal reasoning, Legal semantic web, Legal XML, Legislative expert systems, Legislative information systems, Legislative XML, Modeling legal actions of digital institutions, Modeling legal actions of intelligent agents, Modeling legal acts, Modeling legal acts of digital institutions, Modeling legal acts of electronic institutions, Modeling legal acts of intelligent agents, Modeling legal argumentation, Modeling legal inference, Modeling legal reasoning, Modeling legal rules, Online dispute resolution, Online dispute resolution systems, Public administration information systems, Quality control in legal information systems, Quality control in legal knowledge systems, Regulatory compliance information systems, Regulatory information systems, Semantic Web and law, Tom van Engers, Validating legal knowledge systems, Verifying legal knowledge systems, XML for contracts, XML for court decisions XML for judicial decisions, XML for legal documents, XML for regulations
Posted in Applications, Conference Announcements, Technology developments, Technology tools, Tweet archives | 1 Comment »
October 3, 2012
Professor Dr. Trevor Bench-Capon the University of Liverpool Department of Computer Science, and colleagues, have published A history of AI and Law in 50 papers: 25 years of the international conference on AI and Law, forthcoming in Artificial Intelligence and Law.
Here is the abstract:
We provide a retrospective of 25 years of the International Conference on AI and Law, which was first held in 1987. Fifty papers have been selected from the thirteen conferences and each of them is described in a short subsection individually written by one of the 24 authors. These subsections attempt to place the paper discussed in the context of the development of AI and Law, while often offering some personal reactions and reflections. As a whole, the subsections build into a history of the last quarter century of the field, and provide some insights into where it has come from, where it is now, and where it might go.
Three of Adam Wyner‘s contributions to this issue are linked from the post: Wyner on Logic Programming, Case Law Knowledge Bases, and Legal Case-Based Reasoning and Information Retrieval.
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Tags:Adam Wyner, Artificial intelligence and law, Enrico Francesconi, ICAIL, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Jack G. Conrad, Kevin Ashley, L Thorne McCarty, Legal case based reasoning, Legal decision support systems, Legal expert systems, Legal informatics conference, Legal informatics scholarship, Legal information retrieval, Legal knowledge representation, Legal logic programming, Logic programming and law, Modeling legal logic, Modeling legal reasoning, Trevor Bench-Capon
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September 23, 2012
A call for papers — with paper submission deadline of 18 January 2013 — has been issued for ICAIL 2013: 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, to be held 10-14 June 2013 in Rome, Italy.
The Twitter account for the conference is @ICAIL2013 . The Twitter hashtag for the conference is #ICAIL2013. The conference organizers invite those interested to follow the Twitter account and hashtag and to comment and contribute with the latest news.
The conference features two tracks: one for “regular papers” and one for “innovative applications papers.”
Here is the complete list of deadlines:
- Mentoring program request deadline: November 9, 2012
- Mentoring program paper deadline: November 16, 2012
- Submission of workshop and tutorial proposals: December 7, 2012
- Submission of abstracts (optional): January 11, 2013
- Submission of papers deadline: January 18, 2013
- Notification of acceptance: March 20, 2013
- Final revised and formatted papers due: April 19, 2013
- Conference: June 10 – June 14, 2013
Papers are invited on the following topics:
- Formal and computational models of legal reasoning
- Knowledge acquisition techniques for the legal domain, including natural language processing and data mining
- Computational models of argumentation and decision making
- Legal knowledge representation including legal ontologies and common sense knowledge
- Automatic legal text classification and summarization
- Automated information extraction from legal databases and texts
- Machine learning and data mining applied to legal databases
- Conceptual or model-based legal information retrieval
- E-discovery and e-disclosure
- E-government and e-justice
- Computational models of evidential reasoning
- Modeling norms for multi-agent systems
- Modeling negotiation and contract formation
- Computational models of case-based legal reasoning
- Online dispute resolution
- Intelligent legal tutoring systems
- Intelligent support systems for the legal domain
- Interdisciplinary applications of legal informatics methods and systems
For more information, please see the call for papers.
HT Anne Gardner
[NOTE: Updated 23 November 2012 to add the Twitter account and hashtag. HT Enrico Francesconi]
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Tags:Artificial intelligence and law, Automatic classification of legal documents, Automatic classification of legal texts, Automatic legal information extraction, Automatic summarization of legal text, Bart Verheij, Conceptual information retrieval and law, Conceptual legal information retrieval, Contract information systems, Court information systems, ediscovery, egovernment, eJustice, Electronic discovery, Electronic evidence information systems, Electronic government, Enrico Francesconi, Evidentiary information systems, ICAIL, ICAIL 2013, Interdisciplinary legal informatics methodologies, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, ITTIG-CNR, Judicial information systems, Legal agent based systems, Legal case based reasoning, Legal common sense knowledge, Legal communication, Legal data mining, Legal decision support systems, Legal educational technology, Legal evidence information systems, Legal evidentiary reasoning, Legal expert systems, Legal informatics conferences, Legal informatics methodologies, Legal information extraction, Legal information retrieval, Legal instructional technology, Legal knowledge representation, Legal machine learning, Legal multiagent systems, Legal negotiation, Legal norms in multiagent systems, Legal ontologies, Legal text mining, Legal text processing, Legal tutoring systems, Machine learning and law, Machine learning and legal texts, Model based legal information retrieval, Model-based information retrieval and law, Modeling contract formation, Modeling contracts, Modeling evidentiary reasoning, Modeling legal argumentation, Modeling legal case based reasoning, Modeling legal communication, Modeling legal contracts, Modeling legal evidentiary reasoning, Modeling legal logic, Modeling legal negotiation, Modeling legal norms, Modeling legal reasoning, Modeling legal rules, Online dispute resolution, Representing legal common sense knowledge
Posted in Calls for papers, Conference Announcements | Leave a Comment »
September 1, 2012
The call for papers submission deadline for JURIX 2012: International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems has been extended to 7 September 2012.
Click here for the call for papers.
The conference will be held 17-19 December 2012 at the University of Amsterdam.
Papers are invited “on the advanced management of legal information and knowledge, covering foundations, methods, tools, systems and applications” concerning the following topics:
- Support for lawyers, in legal reasoning, document drafting, negotiation;
- Support for the production and management of legislation, in agenda setting, policy analysis, drafting, workflow management, monitoring implementation;
- Support for the judiciary, in application of the law, analysis of evidence, management of cases;
- Support for police activities, in forensic inquiries, search and evaluation of evidence, management of investigations;
- Support for public administration, in applying regulations and managing information;
- Support for the acquisition, management or use of legal knowledge, using rules, cases, neural networks, intelligent agents or other methods;
- Systems and methods to support policies and legal issues for social networks;
- Retrieval of legal information;
- Legal education;
- Digital-rights management;
- Alternative dispute resolution, particularly on-line;
- Regulatory compliance and compliance of business processes;
- Theoretical foundations for the use of Artificial Intelligence techniques in the legal domain;
- Models of legal knowledge, including concepts (legal ontologies), rules, cases, principles, values and procedures;
- Legal inference and argumentation;
- Verification and validation of legal knowledge systems;
- Management of legal information in the semantic web;
- XML standards for legal documents, including legislative, judicial, administrative acts as well as private documents, such as contracts;
- Modelling the legal interactions of autonomous agents and digital institutions;
- Methods for managing organizational change when introducing legal knowledge systems;
- Evaluation of systems using advanced informatics techniques in legal applications;
- Interdisciplinary applications of legal informatics methods and systems.
For more information, please see the call for papers.
HT Dr. Rinke Hoekstra.
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Tags:Artificial intelligence and law, Bill drafting systems, Burkhard Schafer, Copyright information systems, Court technology, Digital rights management, egovernment, Intellectual property information systems, Interdisciplinary legal informatics research, International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, Judicial information systems, JURIX, JURIX 2012, Law practice technology, Legal agent based systems, Legal argumentation, Legal compliance information systems, Legal drafting systems, Legal evidence information systems, Legal expert systems, Legal expert systems for judges, Legal expert systems for legislators, Legal inference, Legal information management systems, Legal information retrieval, Legal instructional technology, Legal intelligent agents, Legal knowledge management, Legal knowledge management systems, Legal knowledge representation, Legal multiagent systems, Legal ontologies, Legal reasoning, Legal semantic web, Legal XML, Legislative expert systems, Legislative information systems, Legislative XML, Modeling legal actions of digital institutions, Modeling legal actions of intelligent agents, Modeling legal acts, Modeling legal acts of digital institutions, Modeling legal acts of electronic institutions, Modeling legal acts of intelligent agents, Modeling legal argumentation, Modeling legal inference, Modeling legal reasoning, Modeling legal rules, Online dispute resolution, Online dispute resolution systems, Public administration information systems, Quality control in legal information systems, Quality control in legal knowledge systems, Regulatory compliance information systems, Regulatory information systems, Semantic Web and law, Tom van Engers, Validating legal knowledge systems, Verifying legal knowledge systems, XML for contracts, XML for court decisions XML for judicial decisions, XML for legal documents, XML for regulations
Posted in Calls for papers, Conference Announcements | Leave a Comment »
August 28, 2012
Qiang Lu and Jack G. Conrad, both of Thomson Reuters, will present a paper entitled Bringing Order to Legal Documents: An Issue-based Recommendation System via Cluster Association, at KEOD 2012: The 4th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Ontology Development, to be held 4-7 October 2012 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Here is the abstract:
The task of recommending content to professionals (such as attorneys or brokers) differs greatly from the task of recommending news to casual readers. A casual reader may be satisfied with a couple of good recommendations, whereas an attorney will demand precise and comprehensive recommendations from various content sources when conducting legal research. Legal documents are intrinsically complex and multi-topical, contain carefully crafted, professional, domain-specific language, and possess a broad and unevenly distributed coverage of issues. Consequently, a high quality content recommendation system for legal documents requires the ability to detect significant topics from a document and recommend high quality content accordingly. Moreover, a litigation attorney preparing for a case needs to be thoroughly familiar the principal arguments associated with various supporting opinions, but also with the secondary and tertiary arguments as well. This paper introduces an issue-based content recommendation system with a built-in topic detection/segmentation algorithm for the legal domain. The system leverages existing legal document metadata such as topical classifications, document citations, and click stream data from user behavior databases, to produce an accurate topic detection algorithm. It then links each individual topic to a comprehensive pre-defined topic (cluster) repository via an association process. A cluster labeling algorithm is designed and applied to provide a precise, meaningful label for each of the clusters in the repository, where each cluster is also populated with member documents from across different content types. This system has been applied successfully to very large collections of legal documents, O(100M), which include judicial opinions, statutes, regulations, court briefs, and analytical documents. Extensive evaluations were conducted to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithms in topic detection, cluster association, and cluster labeling. Subsequent evaluations conducted by legal domain experts have demonstrated that the quality of the resulting recommendations across different content types is close to those created by human experts.
For full text of the paper, please contact the authors.
Thanks to Jack for allowing me to post the abstract.
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Tags:Automated subject detection of legal documents, Automated subject detection of legal texts, Automated subject indexing of legal documents, Automated subject indexing of legal texts, Cluster association in legal information retrieval, Cluster association in legal information systems, Cluster labeling in legal information retrieval, Cluster labeling in legal information systems, Computer assisted legal research, International Conferencel on Knowledge Engineering and Ontology Development, Jack Conrad, Jack G. Conrad, KEOD, KEOD 2012, Legal classification, Legal content recommendation systems, Legal document recommendation systems, Legal expert systems, Legal information recommendation systems, Legal information retrieval, Legal issue-based content recommendation systems, Legal issue-based document recommendation systems, Legal knowledge based systems, Legal knowledge representation, Legal recommendation systems, Legal research systems, Legal subject classification, Legal subject detection, Legal topic detection, Qiang Lu, Semantic analysis of legal texts, Topic clusters in legal information retrieval, Topic clusters in legal information systems, Westlaw, Westlaw Next, WestlawNext
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